![]() In this section, we study the complications to the double-slit experiment that arise when you also need to take into account the diffraction effect of each slit. However, if you make the slit wider, Figure 4.10(b) and (c) show that you cannot ignore diffraction. Therefore, it was reasonable to leave out the diffraction effect in that chapter. If the slit is smaller than the wavelength, then Figure 4.10(a) shows that there is just a spreading of light and no peaks or troughs on the screen. We assumed that the slits were so narrow that on the screen you saw only the interference of light from just two point sources. When we studied interference in Young’s double-slit experiment, we ignored the diffraction effect in each slit. Determine the relative intensities of interference fringes within a diffraction pattern.Describe the combined effect of interference and diffraction with two slits, each with finite width.Analysis of the pattern yields information about the structure of the protein.By the end of this section, you will be able to: Thumbnail: X-ray diffraction from the crystal of a protein (hen egg lysozyme) produced this interference pattern. ![]() You can see that a hologram is a true three-dimensional image because objects change relative position in the image when viewed from different angles. ![]() Holograms are used for amusement decoration on novelty items and magazine covers security on credit cards and driver’s licenses (a laser and other equipment are needed to reproduce them) and for serious three-dimensional information storage. 4.8: Holography A hologram is a true three-dimensional image recorded on film by lasers.The process is called X-ray diffraction, and it involves the interference of X-rays to produce patterns. However, since atoms are on the order of 0.1 nm in size, X-rays can be used to detect the location, shape, and size of atoms and molecules. Thus, typical X-ray photons act like rays when they encounter macroscopic objects, like teeth, and produce sharp shadows. 4.7: X-Ray Diffraction Since X-ray photons are very energetic, they have relatively short wavelengths.The acuity of our vision is limited because light passes through the pupil, which is the circular aperture of the eye. This can be used as a spectroscopic tool-a diffraction grating disperses light according to wavelength, for example, and is used to produce spectra-but diffraction also limits the detail we can obtain in images.Diffraction limits the resolution in many situations. 4.6: Circular Apertures and Resolution Light diffracts as it moves through space, bending around obstacles, interfering constructively and destructively.Constructive interference occurs when \(d \space sin \space \theta = m \lambda\) form = 0, ± 1, ☒., where d is the distance between the slits, θ is the angle relative to the incident direction, and m is the order of the interference. 4.5: Diffraction Gratings A diffraction grating consists of a large number of evenly spaced parallel slits that produce an interference pattern similar to but sharper than that of a double slit.Missing orders occur when an interference maximum and a diffraction minimum are located together. ![]() ![]() Relative intensities of interference fringes within a diffraction pattern can be determined.
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